• There is no way to prove them wrong
• If the above is true, The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

∴ The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

• We need the laws of logic in order to even hold a discussion
• If the above is true, The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

∴ The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

• The laws are self-evident and self-proving
• If the above is true, The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

∴ The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

Laws of Logic

• P is P (Law of Identity)
• Either P or x P (either P or ~P) (Law of Excluded Middle)
• P is not x P (P is not ~P) (Law of Noncontradiction)

x The Laws of Logic Hold Universally

This is admittedly difficult to represent on this site without assuming them. Even Descartes, in trying to give the basic “I think, therefore I am,” had trouble doing so without relying on these rules. Perhaps they are not something we argue as much as something we just accept.