• The Laws of Logic Hold Universally
• Christianity's distinctive, characteristic beliefs

• Old Testament Jews always considered the Spirit as an emphatic presence of God
• Christianity has no reason to deviate from this tradition
• If the above is true, the Spirit is the Father

∴ the Spirit is the Father

• throughout history, the Spirit has been considered an instrument instead of a person
• If the above is true, the Spirit is the Father

∴ the Spirit is the Father

• the Spirit would speak if x the Spirit is the Father
• the Spirit does not speak
• If the above is true, the Spirit is the Father

∴ the Spirit is the Father

• Modalism is true
• If the above is true, the Spirit is the Father

∴ the Spirit is the Father

x the Spirit is the Father